INTRODUCTION TO THE PRINCIPLES OF A FIELD GEOGRAPHIC MAP

INTRODUCTION

Since this module is field oriented, I assume that you already have some basic knowledge of the basic techniques used to identify common rocks, minerals and geologic structures. where rocks or soil can be observed in their natural environment. Geological mapping is important for many  fieldwork as it helps in the creation of maps that are used to measure rocks, structure, and include many types of data. Allows the interpretation of objects that are too large to be studied in individual rock exhibits, and is often an ideal vehicle for presenting large amounts of information to others. In this first lecture, you will be introduced to some school-wide definitions. It outlines the basic planning procedures you will need to follow and the field equipment you will need before embarking on successful geological mapping.

This chapter clearly explains how geological maps are made and how to use them. By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

• Define the terms Field, Fieldwork and Field Geology.
•  Describe the use of geological maps.
•  Describe the procedures to be followed when preparing a field mapping project.
• Summarize the process to create a geological map.
• List the basic equipment required to perform geological mapping.

GENERAL FEATURES OF A REGIONAL MATCH

We'll start with some basic definitions related to the science of field mapping.

Basic definitions: Field, Here stones or soil can be observed in their natural environment. Fieldwork This is the primary way of acquiring geological knowledge, such as visiting a rocky outcrop or quarry and taking notes and sketches. Sometimes this process can be tedious and difficult. This can take weeks or months. Geologic maps are important and are sometimes considered synonymous with field geology.

Field geology: When rocks and rocks are explored in their natural environment and in their natural relationship with each other, the exploration is called field geology. In addition to the basic terms, it is important to understand that geologic maps are an essential component of many fieldwork.

USING A GEOLOGICAL MAP

Some of the most important applications of geological maps are listed below:To construct structural measurements and correlate various data for geotechnical and petroleum exploration.

• Geological maps are useful for soil scientists, mineral prospectors, hydrogeologists, construction workers, road workers, oil and gas geologists, and other professionals performing research programs in their field of study.
• Many structural features (such as faults and folds) are best explored through geological mapping.
• Their relative appearance can help engineers find bridges, buildings, tunnels, and more. guide geologists to potential sites of mineralization and groundwater resources.
• Geological maps are used to create important projections such as cross-sections (ie, the vertical and spatial distribution of rocks and structures below the earth's surface).

Many of the genetic relationships of rock formations can only be understood after a detailed study of the outcrops. No maps can replace these important observations. For example, a detailed map of volcanic rock can only show this as a correspondence between sediment layers. However, relationships within one or two outcrops may indicate that the body is a lava flow. Once created, hidden or hidden objects associated with a stream can be identified and then used in subsequent interpretations. its general methods are comparable to other classical scientific methods.For example, when visiting the field, the geologist should try to formulate hypotheses to explain geological observations, he should immediately write them down in his field notebook on site, because re-mapping the locations can cause problems such as low season. ... , high financial and time costs. Consequently, fieldwork must go beyond mapping and collecting individual rocks or structures.

Why observe separate exits to the surface?

LOCAL PROJECT PLANNING

Generally, geological projects are developed in three stages, namely the planning stage; stage of mapping, monitoring and data collection, field samples; and the stage of preparing the report. In this section, we will discuss the planning phase of a project. The other two steps will be discussed elsewhere in this lesson. :

1.  Determine if other geologists are (or have worked) in or around the area to avoid copying someone else's work.
2.  Collect and study reports and maps of the area to understand its features.
3. Check for known issues in this area. If possible, visit the area to learn about its topography and geology and obtain permission to camp, map and collect data.
4.  Determine the scale and quality of maps, aerial photographs and satellite imagery. 
5. Consider the need to prepare topographic maps other than basic ones. 
6. Establish the most effective shooting methods no.
7.  Assess the progress of the project and possible costs, taking into account mapping procedures, exposure rocks and camping availability. 
8. Request maps, aerial photographs and other office and field equipment so that you have sufficient time for delivery. 
9. Review critically all reports related to the area, as well as books or documents. 
10. The main ideas and methods that are relevant to the project are presented
11. Build as many complete school libraries as possible. e. Photos, copies and other abstract elements cannot be transferred to the center of old age.

 

GEOLOGICAL MAP CREATION

Geological maps are created using the following processes:

1.  Based on the collection of field data obtained during the study of rock outcrops by a geologist.
2. Make cross-sections of bearing in the survey area. 
3. Follow roads and trails across bearing in the survey area Based on interpretation of aerial photographs and any other satellite imagery. In this process, geologists interpret geology from aerial photographs using stereoscopes and draw maps based on those interpretations. The geologist then went to a very short field site to observe and mark the stone blocks, as he explained.

FIELD EQUIPMENT

Field geologists use two types of equipment: conventional or basic equipment, most of which you usually carry with you, and more specialized equipment that is only used for certain types of surveys. Basic Equipment The basic equipment needed to explore, characterize and collect rocks for geological mapping is small in number and inexpensive. They mainly include the following:

A hammer. Geological hammer with a pointed tip or chisel at one end, or a two-pound hammer, depending on the rock being studied.

A field hammer on your side, commonly known as a geological hammer.It is not one of the common household types, but must be designed for use with stones. Hammers have been known to break sometimes with heavy use against rocks, and to prevent this and for a much greater likelihood of being struck in the eyes by stone fragments, it is advisable to wear some kind of safety glass when hitting hard rock. Your eyes are too precious to harm them! The actual weight of the hammer will depend on the type of stone it hits. very hard, you need a stronger hammer.For hard rock areas, a 2 lb hammer is required. This heavy duty hammer is used for collecting hard rock samples such as gneiss, lava and hornstone or loose foil binding material.

·         Pencils or small pens 2H or 3H

·         Geological  scale 20 cm

·         Diluted acid - for carbonate or hydrated lime tests

·         Carry bag and markers

·         Waterproof bag for notebooks, copies of maps and other stationery

·         Backpack (mesh bag) for carrying lunch or field gear

·         Base maps and aerial photographs

·         Gauge compass - requires a wide range of liquids to soak

·        Good camera. Geologists should try to buy a good camera early in their careers. The advantage of having an interchangeable lens (e.g. with 28mm, 50mm and 135mm and extension tubes).Students should consider buying a good base camera.

Summary

Geologic maps have found wide application within the activity of rock bodies and interpretation of their structural features, and are of use to several soil, water, mineral, construction and crude oil analysis programs. we've got additional seen that geologic field comes typically proceed in 3 stages, namely, the design stage; the stage of mapping, perceptive and grouping field knowledge and specimens; and also the stage of making ready a report. we tend to further noted that, throughout the planning stage for a field geological project, it's necessary to see if different geologists are operating within the projected space of study so as to avoid duplicating somebody’s work. we tend to learned the requirement to accumulate And study reports and maps of the region in order to possess an understanding of the broader options and issues of the area. Once a intelligence operation survey has been done, it's necessary to guage the probable schedule and prices of the project. thenceforth create the mandatory order of maps, aerial photos, and varied different field and workplace instrumentation necessary for the fortification and permitting lots of time for his or her delivery.